26. List Constructs

The and list and or list constructs provide a means of processing a number of commands consecutively. These can effectively replace complex nested if/then or even case statements.

Chaining together commands

and list

command-1 && command-2 && command-3 && ... command-n

Each command executes in turn, provided that the previous command has given a return value of true (zero). At the first false (non-zero) return, the command chain terminates (the first command returning false is the last one to execute).

An interesting use of a two-condition and list from YongYe's Tetris game script:

equation()

{  # core algorithm used for doubling and halving the coordinates
   [[ ${cdx} ]] && ((y=cy+(ccy-cdy)${2}2))
   eval ${1}+=\"${x} ${y} \"
}

Example 26-1. Using an and list to test for command-line arguments

#!/bin/bash
# and list

if [ ! -z "$1" ] && echo "Argument #1 = $1" && [ ! -z "$2" ] && \
#                ^^                         ^^               ^^
echo "Argument #2 = $2"
then
  echo "At least 2 arguments passed to script."
  # All the chained commands return true.
else
  echo "Fewer than 2 arguments passed to script."
  # At least one of the chained commands returns false.
fi  
# Note that "if [ ! -z $1 ]" works, but its alleged equivalent,
#   "if [ -n $1 ]" does not.
#     However, quoting fixes this.
#  if "[ -n "$1" ]" works.
#           ^  ^    Careful!
# It is always best to QUOTE the variables being tested.

# This accomplishes the same thing, using "pure" if/then statements.
if [ ! -z "$1" ]
then
  echo "Argument #1 = $1"
fi
if [ ! -z "$2" ]
then
  echo "Argument #2 = $2"
  echo "At least 2 arguments passed to script."
else
  echo "Fewer than 2 arguments passed to script."
fi
# It's longer and more ponderous than using an "and list".

exit $?

Example 26-2. Another command-line arg test using an and list

#!/bin/bash

ARGS=1        # Number of arguments expected.
E_BADARGS=85  # Exit value if incorrect number of args passed.

test $# -ne $ARGS && \
#    ^^^^^^^^^^^^ condition #1
echo "Usage: `basename $0` $ARGS argument(s)" && exit $E_BADARGS
#                                             ^^
#  If condition #1 tests true (wrong number of args passed to script),
#+ then the rest of the line executes, and script terminates.

# Line below executes only if the above test fails.
echo "Correct number of arguments passed to this script."

exit 0

# To check exit value, do a "echo $?" after script termination.

Of course, an and list can also set variables to a default value.

arg1=$@ && [ -z "$arg1" ] && arg1=DEFAULT

                  # Set $arg1 to command-line arguments, if any.
              # But . . . set to DEFAULT if not specified on command-line.

or list

command-1 || command-2 || command-3 || ... command-n

Each command executes in turn for as long as the previous command returns false. At the first true return, the command chain terminates (the first command returning true is the last one to execute). This is obviously the inverse of the "and list".

Example 26-3. Using or lists in combination with an and list

#!/bin/bash

#  delete.sh, a not-so-cunning file deletion utility.
#  Usage: delete filename

E_BADARGS=85

if [ -z "$1" ]
then
  echo "Usage: `basename $0` filename"
  exit $E_BADARGS  # No arg? Bail out.
else  
  file=$1          # Set filename.
fi  

[ ! -f "$file" ] && echo "File \"$file\" not found. \
Cowardly refusing to delete a nonexistent file."
# AND LIST, to give error message if file not present.
# Note echo message continuing on to a second line after an escape.

[ ! -f "$file" ] || (rm -f $file; echo "File \"$file\" deleted.")
# OR LIST, to delete file if present.

# Note logic inversion above.
# AND LIST executes on true, OR LIST on false.

exit $?

  If the first command in an or list returns true, it will execute.

# ==> The following snippets from the /etc/rc.d/init.d/single
#+==> script by Miquel van Smoorenburg
#+==> illustrate use of "and" and "or" lists.
# ==> "Arrowed" comments added by document author.

[ -x /usr/bin/clear ] && /usr/bin/clear
  # ==> If /usr/bin/clear exists, then invoke it.
  # ==> Checking for the existence of a command before calling it
  #+==> avoids error messages and other awkward consequences.

  # ==> . . .

# If they want to run something in single user mode, might as well run it...
for i in /etc/rc1.d/S[0-9][0-9]* ; do
        # Check if the script is there.
        [ -x "$i" ] || continue
  # ==> If corresponding file in $PWD *not* found,
  #+==> then "continue" by jumping to the top of the loop.

        # Reject backup files and files generated by rpm.
        case "$1" in
                *.rpmsave|*.rpmorig|*.rpmnew|*~|*.orig)
                        continue;;
        esac
        [ "$i" = "/etc/rc1.d/S00single" ] && continue
  # ==> Set script name, but don't execute it yet.
        $i start
done

  # ==> . . .

  The exit status of an and list or an or list is the exit status of the last command executed.

Clever combinations of and and or lists are possible, but the logic may easily become convoluted and require close attention to operator precedence rules, and possibly extensive debugging.

false && true || echo false         # false

# Same result as
( false && true ) || echo false     # false
# But NOT
false && ( true || echo false )     # (nothing echoed)

#  Note left-to-right grouping and evaluation of statements,
#+ since the logic operators "&&" and "||" have equal precedence.

#  It's usually best to avoid such complexities.

#  Thanks, S.C.

See  Example A-7  and Example 7-4 for illustrati ons of using and / or list constructs to test variables.