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The following reference cards provide a useful summary of certain scripting concepts. The foregoing text treats these matters in more depth, as well as giving usage examples.
Table B-1. Special Shell Variables
| Variable | Meaning |
| $0 | Filename of script |
| $1 | Positional parameter #1 |
| $2 - $9 | Positional parameters #2 - #9 |
| ${10} | Positional parameter #10 |
| $# | Number of positional parameters |
| "$*" | All the positional parameters (as a single word) * |
| "$@" | All the positional parameters (as separate strings) |
| "$@" | All the positional parameters (as separate strings) |
| ${#*} | Number of positional parameters |
| ${#@} | Number of positional parameters |
| $? | Return value |
| $$ | Process ID (PID) of script |
| $- | Flags passed to script (using set) |
| $_ | Last argument of previous command |
| $! | Process ID (PID) of last job run in background |
* Must be quoted, otherwise it defaults to $@.
Table B-2. TEST Operators: Binary Comparison
| Operator | Tests Whether | ----- | Operator | Tests Whether |
| Arithmetic Comparison | String Comparison | |||
| -eq | Equal to | = | Equal to | |
| == | Equal to | |||
| -ne | Not equal to | != | Not equal to | |
| -lt | Less than | \< | Less than (ASCII) * | |
| -le | Less than or equal to | |||
| -gt | Greater than | \> | Greater than (ASCII) * | |
| -ge | Greater than or equal to | |||
| -z | String is empty | |||
| -n | String is not empty | |||
| Arithmetic Comparison | within double parentheses (( ... )) | |||
| > | Greater than | |||
| >= | Greater than or equal to | |||
| < | Less than | |||
| <= | Less than or equal to |
* If within a double-bracket [[ ... ]] test construct, then no escape \ is needed.
Table B-3. TEST Operators: Files
| Operator | Tests Whether | ----- | Operator | Tests Whether |
| -e | File exists | -s | File is not zero size | |
| -f | File is a regular file | |||
| -d | File is a directory | -r | File has read permission | |
| -h | File is a symbolic link | -w | File has write permission | |
| -L | File is a symbolic link | -x | File has execute permission | |
| -b | File is a block device | |||
| -c | File is a character device | -g | sgid flag set | |
| -p | File is a pipe | -u | suid flag set | |
| -S | File is a socket | -k | "sticky bit" set | |
| -t | File is associated with a terminal | |||
| -N | File modified since it was last read | F1 -nt F2 | File F1 is newer than F2 * | |
| -O | You own the file | F1 -ot F2 | File F1 is older than F2 * | |
| -G | Files F1 and F2 are hard links to the same file * | |||
| ! | NOT (inverts sense of above tests |
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